Turkish Family Law (9786257042772)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS 7
ABBREVIATIONS 43
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL INFORMATION ON FAMILY LAW
I. THE CONCEPT OF FAMILY AND THE SIGNIFICANCE
OF FAMILY 47
A. THE CONCEPT OF FAMILY 47
1. Family in the Narrow Sense 48
2. Family in the Broader Sense 48
3. Family in the Broadest Sense 49
B. SIGNIFICANCE OF FAMILY 49
II. PRINCIPLES GOVERNING FAMILY LAW 51
A. PRINCIPLE OF CONTINUITY 51
B. PRINCIPLE OF UNION 52
C. PRINCIPLE OF PROTECTION OF THE WEAK 52
D. PRINCIPLE OF NO FREEDOM OF REGULATION 53
E. PRINCIPLE OF STATE INTERVENTION 55
F. PRINCIPLE OF EQUALITY BETWEEN SPOUSES 55
III. THE FORM OF REGULATION OF FAMILY LAW IN
THE TURKISH CIVIL CODE 56
FIRST CHAPTER
ENGAGEMENT
I. CONCEPT AND LEGAL QUALITY OF ENGAGEMENT 59
A. CONCEPT OF ENGAGEMENT 59
7B. LEGAL NATURE OF THE ENGAGEMENT 60
1. Preliminary Contract View 60
2. Contract View 61
3. Decision View 62
II. OCCURRENCE OF ENGAGEMENT 63
A. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ENGAGEMENT
CONTRACT 63
1. Mutual Promise to Marry 63
2. Being of Different Genders of the Promisers to Marry 65
B. CAPACITY TO GET ENGAGED 66
III. IMPEDIMENTS TO GET ENGAGED 70
IV. INVALIDITY OF THE ENGAGEMENT 71
A. CASES OF NULLITY CONDITIONS 71
1. Incapacity 71
2. Being Contrary to the Mandatory Provisions of Law
and Morality of the Promise to Marry, Being
Impossible of the Marriage 72
3. Simulation 72
B. CASES OF DEFECT IN INTENTION 72
V. PROVISIONS OF THE ENGAGEMENT 73
A. OBLIGATIONS ARISING FROM ENGAGEMENT 74
1. Obligation to Marry 74
2. Obligation of Loyalty 75
B. RIGHTS ARISING FROM ENGAGEMENT 75
1. Right to Abstain from Testimony 76
2. Right to Abstain from Judgeship 76
3. Right to Claim Compensation for Being Deprived of
Support 76
4. Right to Claim Non-pecuniary Damages 77
5. Right to Conclude a Property Regime Contract 78
VI. TERMINATION OF ENGAGEMENT 78
A. REASONS FOR TERMINATION OF ENGAGEMENT 78
1. Marriage 78
2. Agreement of the Parties 79
3. Death or Disappearance 79
4. Double Engagement 80
85. Fulfilment of the Condition Subsequent 80
6. Impossibility of Marriage 80
7. Emergence of an Absolute Impediment to Marriage 81
8. Breaking Off the Engagement 81
B. LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF TERMINATION OF ENGAGEMENT 82
1. Return of gifts 82
a. Concept of Gift 83
b. Conditions for Demanding the Return of Gifts 84
aa. The gift must be given due to engagement 84
bb. The gift must be unusual 84
cc. Termination of engagement for reasons other
than marriage 85
dd. Those who demand the return of gifts must be fiancés, parents or those who act like them 86
c. Scope of Return 86
d. Prescription 87
2. Compensation 88
a. Pecuniary Compensation 88
aa. Conditions of claim for compensation 88
aaa. Absence of a just cause or breakdown of
the engagement by the faulty act of the
other party 89
bbb. Occurrence of a damage due to the
breakdown of the engagement 90
bb. Scope of damage to be claimed 91
cc. Parties of the action for compensation 93
dd. Proof in the action for compensation 94
ee. Competent court 95
ff. Prescription 95
b. Non-pecuniary Compensation 95
aa. Conditions of claim for compensation 95
aaa. Unilateral breach of engagement
contract 96
bbb. Personality rights of the fiancé who
demand compensation must be attacked 96
ccc. Defendant must be faulty 97
ddd. The fiancé, who claim compensation,
must be faultless 98
9bb. Scope of damage to be claimed 98
cc. Parties of the action for compensation 99
dd. Proof in the action for compensation 100
ee. Competent court 100
ff. Prescription 101
SECOND CHAPTER MARRIAGE
I. CONCEPT, ELEMENTS AND LEGAL QUALITY OF MARRIAGE 103
A. CONCEPT OF MARRIAGE 103
B. ELEMENTS OF MARRIAGE 103
1. Marriage is a Life Partnership 104
2. Marital Union is a Permanent Union 104
3. Marriage is Monogamous in Turkish Law 104
4. Marital Union is a Union Recognized by the Legal
Order 105
C. LEGAL QUALITY OF MARRIAGE 105
1. Views on the Legal Quality of Marriage 105
a. Contract View 105
b. Institution View 106
c. Clause-Disposal View 106
2. Our View 107
II. CONDITIONS OF MARRIAGE 107
A. MATERIAL CONDITIONS 107
1. Capacity to Marry 108
a. Capacity of Judgement 108
b. Marriage Age 109
aa. Ordinary marriage age 109
bb. Extraordinary marriage age 110
aaa. Man and woman must have completed
the age of sixteen 110
bbb. There must be an extraordinary situation
and a very important reason 111
ccc. Parent or guardian must be heard before
the decision 112
c. Permission of Legal Representative 112
10aa. Persons with full capacity to marry 112
bb. Persons with absolute incapacity to marry 114
cc. Persons with limited incapacity to marry 114
2. Impediments to Marriage 115
a. Definite Marriage Impediments 116
aa. Kinship 116
aaa. Kinship by blood 116
bbb. Kinship by marriage 118
ccc. Adoption relationship 119
bb. Existing marriage 120
cc. Mental illness 121
b. Indefinite Marriage Impediments 122
aa. Waiting period 123
bb. Infectious diseases 124
B. FORMAL CONDITIONS 125
1. Formal Transactions Before Marriage 126
a. Applying for Marriage 126
b. Examining the Application and Appeal 127
c. Marriage Permit Certificate 129
d. Objection to Marriage 129
2. Formal Transactions During the Marriage (Marriage Ceremony) 130
a. Primary Conditions of the Marriage Ceremony 131
b. Secondary Conditions of the Marriage Ceremony 133
3. Formal Transactions After Marriage (Marriage
Ceremony) 134
III. INVALIDITY OF MARRIAGE 135
A. IN GENERAL 135
B. ABSENCE OF MARRIAGE 136
1. Cases of Absence of Marriage 136
a. Marriage Is Not Made Between Two Persons of Different Genders 137
b. Marriage Was Not Made in Front of the Marriage Officer 138
c. The Intention of Marriage Is Not Declared at the
Same Time by the Persons to Marry 139
2. Consequences of Absence of Marriage 140
113. Conversion of Marriages Not Performed in Front of the Marriage Officer into a Valid Marriage Union by Administrative Procedure 141
C. NULLITY OF MARRIAGE 141
1. In General 141
2. Reasons for Absolute Nullity 143
a. Existing Marriage 143
b. Persistent Lack of Capacity of Judgement 145
c. Mental Illness That Prevents Marriage 145
d. Forbidden Degree of Kinship 146
3. Reasons for Relative Nullity 146
a. Temporary Lack of Capacity of Judgement 147
b. Defect in Intention 148
aa. Error 148
aaa. Error in the nature of marriage 148
bbb. Error in the spouse’s identity 149
ccc. Error in an important attribute of the
other spouse 149
aaaa. Error must be related to an
attribute of the spouse in person 149
bbbb.Error in the attribute of the spouse
must be essential 150
cccc. Joint life must become unbearable
due to error 151
dddd.There must be a causal link
between the marriage contract and
the error 152
bb. Fraud 153
aaa. Deception about pudicity and honour 154
bbb. Concealment of a dangerous disease 155
aaaa. Disease must be a disease of the
spouse in person 155
bbbb.Disease must pose a grave danger
to the health of the other spouse or
his descendant 155
cccc. Disease must be concealed from
the other spouse 156
cc. Duress 157
12aaa. Duress must be directed either against
the other spouse or against one of his
relatives 158
bbb. Duress must be directed towards life,
health, pudicity and honour 158
ccc. Duress must be a grave danger 158
ddd. Duress must be directed at an existing or imminent danger 159
eee. Duress must be carried out by other
spouse or third parties 159
dd. Simulated marriages 159
c. Lack of Legal Representative’s Consent 161
4. Actions for Annulment 162
a. Action for Absolute Annulment 162
aa. Parties of the action 162
aaa. Plaintiff 162
bbb. Defendant 163
bb. Limitation or removal of the right of action 164
b. Action for Relative Annulment 165
aa. Parties of the action 165
aaa. Plaintiff 165
bbb. Defendant 166
bb. Termination of the right of action 166
aaa. Termination of spouses’ right of action 166
bbb. Termination of legal representatives’
right of action 167
5. Competence, Proceeding and Time Periods in Actions
for Annulment 168
a. Competent Court 168
b. Proceeding 169
c. Time Periods 169
6. Consequences of the Actions for Annulment 169
a. Consequences for Spouses 170
b. Consequences for Children 172
c. Consequences for Third Parties 173
13THIRD CHAPTER
DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE-DIVORCE
I. DEATH AND ABSENCE 175
II. DIVORCE 176
A. IN GENERAL 176
B. PRINCIPLES ON DIVORCE 177
1. Principle of Fault 177
2. Principle of Intention 178
3. Principle of Irretrievable Breakdown 178
4. Principle of Unsuitability 179
5. Principle of Active Separation 179
6. Principles Adopted by the Turkish Civil Code 180
C. REASONS FOR DIVORCE 180
1. Special Reasons for Divorce 182
a. Adultery (TCC Art. 161) 182
aa. Conditions 183
aaa. Existence of marital union 183
bbb. Having sexual intercourse with another person 184
ccc. Fault of the adulterous 184
bb. Proof 185
cc. Fall of the right of action 188
aaa. Expiration of the time limit 188
bbb. Forgiveness of adulterous spouse 189
b. Attempt on Life, Very Ill or Degrading Treatment (TCC Art. 162) 191
aa. In general 191
aaa. Attempt on life 191
bbb. Very ill treatment 193
ccc. Degrading behaviour 195
bb. Fall of the right of action 197
aaa. Expiration of the time limit 197
bbb. Forgiveness of a spouse who has
attempted on life or has treated very illy
or degradingly 197
c. Committing a Humiliating Crime and Leading a Disreputable Life (TCC Art. 163) 199
14aa. In general 199
aaa. Committing a humiliating crime 199
bbb. Leading a disreputable life 201
bb. Committing a humiliating crime or leading a disreputable life must make common life unbearable 202
cc. Action is not subject to a time 202
d. Desertion (TCC Art. 164) 203
aa. In general 203
bb. Conditions of Desertion 204
aaa. Ending the joint life 204
bbb. Purpose of not fulfilling the obligations imposed by the marriage union 205
ccc. Living apart must continue for at least
six month 206
ddd. The requirement of a notice for the abandoning spouse to return home and
the ineffectiveness of the notice 207
e. Mental Illness (TCC Art. 165) 210
aa. In general 210
bb. Conditions 210
aaa. One of the spouses being mentally ill 211
bbb. Impossibility of recovery from the
illness 212
ccc. Making common life unbearable 213
cc. Right of action is not subject to a time 214
2. General Reasons for Divorce 214
a. Irretrievable Breakdown of the Marriage Union 216
aa. In general 216
bb. Conditions 216
aaa. Objective condition (irretrievable
breakdown of the marriage union) 216
bbb. Subjective condition (being not expected
from the spouses to maintain the
marriage union) 218
cc. Fault issue 220
b. Agreement of Spouses 223
aa. In general 223
bb. Conditions 224
15aaa. The marriage must last at least one year 224
bbb. The spouses must apply for divorce
together or a spouse must accept the
action brought by the other spouse 225
ccc. The judge must hear the parties in
person 226
ddd. The judge must approve the agreement
made by the parties 227
c. Failure to Re-establish Joint Life 230
aa. In general 230
bb. Conditions 231
aaa. The action for divorce that has been
brought for any reason before must have
been rejected 231
bbb. One year must have passed since the
rejection decision became final 233
ccc. The common life must not have been
re-established 233
ddd. One of the spouses must bring an action
for divorce 235
D. ACTION FOR DIVORCE 236
1. Subject of the Action 236
a. Separation 236
aa. Reason and concept 236
bb. Divorce-separation relationship 237
cc. Duration and termination of separation 238
dd. Legal consequences of separation 238
b. Divorce 239
2. Parties 240
a. Plaintiff 240
b. Defendant 241
3. Capacity of Action 241
4. Competent Court 244
a. Court’s Jurisdiction in Respect to the Venue 244
b. Competent Court 244
5. Proceeding 245
a. In General 245
b. Rules of Proceeding 246
aa. Judge’s conscientious conviction 246
16bb. Non-offering of an oath 247
cc. Confession being non-binding 247
dd. Free assessment of evidence 248
ee. Approval of agreements concerning the
secondary consequences of divorce 248
ff. Conducting the trial in private 249
6. Measures to be Taken During the Action 249
a. In General 249
b. Interim Measures Regarding Spouses 250
aa. Interim measures regarding the
accommodation of spouses 250
bb. Interim measures regarding the livelihood of
the spouses 251
cc. Interim measures regarding the management
of spouses’ property 252
dd. Other temporary measures regarding the
spouse 253
c. Interim Measures Regarding Children 254
E. LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF DIVORCE 254
1. In General 254
2. Consequences of Divorce Regarding Spouses 255
a. Personal Consequences of Divorce Decision
Regarding Spouses 255
aa. Dissolution of the marital union 256
bb. Ability of the spouses to remarry 256
cc. Maintaining or changing the personal status acquired by marriage 256
aaa. Citizenship 257
bbb. Majority 257
ccc. Kinship by marriage 258
ddd. Surname of the woman 258
dd. Beginning of the prescription 259
ee. Loss of the title of inheritance 259
b. Financial Consequences of Divorce Decision
Regarding Spouses 260
aa. Nullification of testamentary dispositions 260
bb. Liquidation of the property regime 261
cc. Pecuniary compensation 262
aaa. Conditions 262
17aaaa. The party claiming compensation
must be faultless or less faulty 262
bbbb.Defendant must be faulty 263
cccc. An existing or expected interest of
the party claiming compensation
must be damaged due to divorce 264
bbb. Amount and procedure 265
dd. Non-pecuniary compensation 268
aaa. Conditions 268
aaaa. Defendant must be faulty 268
bbbb.Plaintiff’s personality right must
be damaged 269
bbb. Amount and procedure 270
ee. Welfare alimony 271
aaa. Conditions 271
aaaa. Request by one of the parties 272
bbbb.Fault of the requesting party must
not be more severe 272
cccc. Claimant must be in danger of
falling into poverty due to divorce 272
dddd.Alimony must be proportional to
the financial power of the other
party 273
bbb. Amount and procedure 274
ccc. Period of the alimony 276
ddd. Changing the amount 276
eee. Competent court 277
fff. Prescription 277
ggg. Termination 278
3. Consequences of Divorce Regarding Children 278
a. Custody of Children 279
aa. Determination of the party to whom custody
is to be left 279
bb. Changing of custody 282
b. Personal Relationship with the Child 283
aa. In general 283
bb. Establishing a personal relationship with the mother or father 284
18cc. Establishing a personal relationship between
the child and third parties 286
c. Settlement of Maintenance Alimony to the Child 288
4. Return of Jewellery and Other Gifts 290
FOURTH CHAPTER GENERAL PROVISIONS OF MARRIAGE
I. RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF THE SPOUSES 294
A. IN GENERAL 294
B. RIGHTS OF SPOUSES 294
1. Choosing Joint Dwelling 294
2. Managing the Union 296
3. Living Together 296
4. Representing the Union 296
C. OBLIGATIONS OF THE SPOUSES 296
1. Ensuring the Happiness of the Union 297
2. Showing Loyalty 298
3. Living Together 298
4. Solidarity and Assistance 299
5. Caring for and Raising Children 300
6. Participating in Expenses 301
7. Being Careful in Choosing a Profession or Job 302
8. Spouses Providing Information 303
II. SURNAME OF THE WIFE 303
III. CITIZENSHIP OF SPOUSES 304
IV. LEGAL TRANSACTIONS OF SPOUSES 305
A. RULE 305
B. EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE 305
1. Dispositions on the Family Home 306
a. Concept of Family Home 306
b. Limitations on Family Home 307
aa. Ownership of the family home belongs to one
of the spouses 308
bb. Family home is provided with a lease 309
c. Legal Nature of Restrictions on Family Home 310
19d. Consent of the Other Spouse and the
Consequences of Not Giving Consent 310
e. Effect of Invalidity on Third Parties in Good Faith 312
f. Priority Notice of Family Home 313
2. Limitation on Power of Disposition 315
a. Conditions of Limitation 315
b. Subject of Limitation 316
c. Legal Nature of Limitation 317
d. Legal Consequences of Limitation 318
e. Additional Protection Measures and Priority
Notice 319
3. Transfer of Shares in Co-Ownership 320
4. Contract of Surety 321
V. REPRESENTATION OF THE MARITAL UNION 324
A. IN GENERAL 324
B. CONDITIONS 326
1. Spouse Who Performs the Transaction Must Have
Capacity to Act 326
2. Existence of Marital Union 327
3. Power of Representation is Limited to the Needs of the Union 328
C. TYPES OF REPRESENTATION 329
1. Ordinary Power of Representation 329
2. Extraordinary Power of Representation 330
a. Authorization by the Other Spouse 330
b. Authorization by the Judge 331
c. Spouse’s Sole Authority for the Benefits of the
Marital Union 331
D. LIABILITY OF SPOUSES 332
E. REMOVAL OR LIMITATION OF THE POWER OF REPRESENTATION 333
VI. PROTECTION OF MARITAL UNION 335
A. IN GENERAL 335
B. JUDGE’S INTERVENTION 336
1. Conditions 336
a. Failure to Fulfil Obligations Arising from the
Marital Union 336
20b. Disagreement on a Substantial Issue 337
2. Competence 338
3. Types of Measures 339
a. General Measures 339
b. Measures Regulated by Law 340
aa. Determination of financial contribution 341
bb. Taking a break from living together 342
aaa. In general 342
bbb. Conditions 342
aaaa. Spouse’s personality being
endangered 343
bbbb.Economic security of the spouse
being endangered 343
cccc. Spouse’s family peace being endangered 344
ccc. Measures to be taken 344
aaaa. Measures regarding the financial contribution of spouses 345
bbbb.Measures regarding the use of
residence and household goods 346
cccc. Measures regarding the
management of spouses’ property 347
dddd.Measures regarding minor children 348
cc. Giving order of payment to debtors 348
dd. Measures foreseen by Law No. 6284 350
aaa. In general 350
bbb. Measures to be taken 352
ccc. Deciding on and notification of
injunction 355
ddd. Objection to the injunction 356
FIFTH CHAPTER
PROPERTY REGIMES IN MARITAL UNION
I. GENERAL PROVISIONS RELATED TO THE
PROPERTY REGIME 357
A. IN GENERAL 357
B. TYPES OF PROPERTY REGIME 358
211. Statutory Marital Property Regime – Optional Property Regime 358
2. Ordinary Property Regime – Extraordinary Property
Regime 358
C. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PROPERTY REGIME AGREEMENT 359
1. Conditions of the Property Regime Agreement 359
a. Capacity 359
b. Form 361
2. Limitations on the Content of the Property Regime Agreement 363
3. Provisions of the Property Regime Agreement 364
D. EXTRAORDINARY PROPERTY REGIME 365
1. In General 365
2. Transition to Extraordinary Property Regime 366
a. Transition by Judge’s Decision 366
aa. Transition upon request of one of the spouses 366
aaa. In case of a just cause (TCC Art. 206) 367
bbb. In cases where spouses are suspended
from living together as one of the
measures to protect marriage
(TCC Art. 197/II) 369
ccc. Within the framework of the measures to
be taken during the continuation of the
action for divorce or separation brought by the spouses (TCC Art. 169) or in case
the judge decides on separation 369
bb. Transition at the request of the spouses’
creditors 369
b. Transition by Law 370
3. Competent Court for the Transition to the
Extraordinary Property Regime 370
4. Consequences of Transition to Extraordinary Property Regime 371
5. Termination of the Extraordinary Property Regime 371
a. Termination by Agreement of the Spouses 371
b. Termination by Court Decision Upon the Request
of One of the Spouses 371
226. Liquidation of Property Regime – Competent Court in Liquidation Cases 372
a. Liquidation of the Property Regime 372
b. Competent Court for Liquidation of Property
Regime 372
E. PROTECTION OF CREDITORS 372
F. MANAGEMENT OF SPOUSES’ ASSETS 373
G. DRAWING UP INVENTORY 374
H. DEBTS BETWEEN SPOUSES 375
II. PARTICIPATION IN ACQUIRED PROPERTY REGIME 376
A. IN GENERAL 376
B. ASSETS OF THE SPOUSES 377
1. Acquired Property 377
a. Being Acquired During the Property Regime 377
b. Being Acquired in Consideration 378
c. Statutory Examples of Acquired Property 379
aa. Acquisitions in return for work 379
bb. Payments made by social security or social
welfare institutions and organizations or
funds established to assist personnel and
similar funds 381
cc. Compensations paid due to inability to work 384
dd. Income from individual property 385
ee. Values that substitute acquired property 386
d. Other Examples of Acquired Property 386
e. Presumption and Preference Principle in Favor of Acquired Property 389
2. Individual Property 389
a. In General 389
b. Individual Property Due to Law 390
aa. Property for individual use only by one of the spouses 390
bb. Asset values belonging to one of the spouses
at the beginning of the property regime or
acquired by a spouse later by inheritance or
by acquiring it without consideration in any
way 392
23aaa. Property before the beginning of the
regime of participation in acquired
property 392
bbb. Property acquired by inheritance during
the regime of participation in acquired
property 393
ccc. Property acquired without consideration during the regime of participation in
acquired property 394
cc. Non-pecuniary compensation claims 395
dd. Values that substitute individual property 396
c. Individual Property Due to Contract 396
aa. In general 396
bb. Asset values specific to the performance of a profession or the activity of a business 397
cc. Income from individual property 398
3. Co-owned Property 399
C. MANAGEMENT OF SPOUSES’ ASSET VALUES 400
D. SPOUSES’ BENEFIT FROM THEIR ASSET VALUES 400
E. DISPOSITIONS OF SPOUSES’ ASSET VALUES 400
F. LIABILITY TOWARDS THIRD PARTIES 402
G. TERMINATION OF THE PROPERTY REGIME 403
1. Death of a Spouse 403
2. Spouses’ Transition to Another Property Regime 404
3. Dissolution of Marriage Due to Divorce or Annulment 405
4. Transition of Property Regime to Separation of
Property by Judge’s Decision 406
H. LIQUIDATION OF THE PROPERTY REGIME 406
1. In General 406
2. Liquidation Stages of the Property Regime 408
a. Recovery of Property and Obligations 409
b. Claim for Participation in Increased Value 410
aa. In general 410
bb. Conditions 411
aaa. Contribution to an asset belonging to the
other spouse 411
bbb. Intention to donate and lack of
counter-claim 415
24ccc. Existence of an increase in value at the
time of liquidation of the property
regime 416
ddd. The fact that the spouses have not
waived the share of the increased value 417
cc. Calculation of the claim for share of the
increased value 417
aaa. Calculation of value increase 417
bbb. Calculation of the share of the increased
value rate 419
ccc. Calculation of the claim for the share of
the increased value 419
dd. Special situations regarding the calculation of
the claim for the share of the increased value 420
aaa. Multiple contributions to the same
property over time 420
bbb. Contribution of the same property in the
form of periodic payment over time 422
ccc. Contribution to different properties 422
ee. Calculation method of the share of the
increased value in Court of Cassation practice 423
ff. The effect of the claim for the share of the increased value on the participation claim 424
aaa. Contribution from one spouse’s
“individual property” to the other
spouse’s “individual property” 425
bbb. Contribution from the spouse’s “individual property” to the “acquired property” of the other spouse 425
ccc. Contribution from the spouse’s
“acquired property” to the other spouse’s
“individual property” 427
ddd. Contribution from the spouse’s
“acquired property” to the other spouse’s
“acquired property” 428
gg. Maturity of the claim for share in the
increased value 429
hh. Disposition on claim for share of the
increased value 430
c. Calculation of Participation Claim 430
25aa. In general 430
bb. Separation of asset segments from each other 431
cc. Additions 433
aaa. Dispositions without consideration 433
bbb. Transfers made with the intention of decreasing participation claims 435
ccc. Effect of TCC Art. 229 on third parties 436
dd. Equalization between asset segments 437
aaa. In general 437
bbb. Conditions of equalization 438
ccc. Burden of proof 438
ddd. Determining the amount of equalization 439
ee. Valuation of properties 441
ff. Valuation time of properties 442
gg. Determination of surplus and participation
claim amount 444
hh. Payment of participation claim and share of
the increased value 446
ii. Set-off of the claims 447
jj. Claim in rem on family home and household
goods 447
kk. Right of action against third parties 450
III. OPTIONAL PROPERTY REGIMES 451
A. SEPARATION OF PROPERTY REGIME 451
1. In General 451
2. Rights of Spouses 452
3. Liabilities of Spouses 453
4. Termination of the Separation of Property Regime and Liquidation 453
B. SHARED SEPARATION OF PROPERTY REGIME 454
1. In General 454
2. Rights of Spouses 455
3. Liabilities of Spouses 456
4. Termination of the Property Regime and Liquidation 456
a. Termination of the Property Regime 456
b. Liquidation of the Property Regime 456
aa. Restitution of properties and allocation of
co-owned property 456
26bb. Right arising from contribution 457
cc. Partition of property allocated to family 457
dd. Actions against partition 458
ee. Rejection of partition request 458
ff. Partition method 459
gg. Family home and household goods 459
aaa. Dissolution of marriage by annulment or divorce 460
bbb. Dissolution of marriage by death 460
C. COMMUNITY OF PROPERTY REGIME 461
1. In General 461
2. Types of Property 462
a. Common Property 462
b. Individual Property 463
3. Rights of Spouses 463
4. Liabilities of Spouses 465
5. Termination of the Property Regime and Liquidation 466
a. Termination of the Property Regime 466
b. Liquidation of the Property Regime 466
aa. Determination of common property 466
bb. Determination of the shares of the parties 467
cc. Making the partition 468
SIXTH CHAPTER PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP
I. CONCEPT OF PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP AND
ITS TYPES 469
A. CONCEPT OF PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP 469
B. TYPES OF PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP 470
II. FORMATION OF PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP 470
A. FORMATION OF PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP
BASED ON BLOOD KINSHIP 471
1. Formation of Parent-Child Relationship Between a
Child and a Mother 471
2. Formation of Parent-Child Relationship Between a
Child and a Father 472
a. Marriage with the Mother 472
27aa. Father being married to the mother at the time
of birth 473
aaa. Presumption of fatherhood 473
bbb. Conflicting presumptions of fatherhood 474
ccc. Woman giving two births within three hundred days of a dissolved marriage 475
ddd. Refutation of the presumption of
paternity: Action for disavowal of
paternity 476
aaaa. In general 476
bbbb.Cases of disavowal of paternity 476
cccc. Parties of the action 481
dddd.Period for bringing an action 485
eeee. Competent court 486
ffff. Consequences of the decision to disavow paternity 486
bb. Marriage of the father with the mother after
birth 487
aaa. Effect of marriage on the child’s
paternity 487
bbb. Making a notification 488
ccc. Objection and annulment 489
cc. Artificial insemination and in vitro
fertilization 491
aaa. Artificial insemination 491
bbb. In vitro fertilization 492
dd. Administrative correction of paternity 493
b. Recognition 494
aa. In general 494
bb. Legal nature 494
cc. Conditions 495
aaa. Essential conditions 495
aaaa. In terms of the recognising person 496
bbbb.In terms of the recognized child 497
bbb. Formal conditions and notification to the
civil registrar 498
aaaa. Formal conditions of the
recognition 498
28bbbb.Notification to the civil registry
office 501
dd. Registration of the child to the civil registry 502
ee. Invalidity of recognition 502
aaa. Nullity of recognition 503
bbb. Annulment of recognition 503
aaaa. In general 503
bbbb.Parties of the action 504
cccc. Burden of proof 505
dddd.Time limits 506
eeee. Competent court 506
ffff. Consequences of annulment of the recognition 507
c. Action for Paternity 507
aa. In general 507
bb. Parties of the action 509
aaa. Plaintiff 509
aaaa. Mother 510
bbbb.Child 511
bbb. Defendant 512
aaaa. Father 512
bbbb.Father’s heirs 512
cc. Obligation to report the action 513
dd. Proof of paternity 513
aaa. In general 513
bbb. Proof for the plaintiff 514
ccc. Proof for the defendant 516
aaaa. Proof of the impossibility of being
a father 517
bbbb.Proof that a third party is more
likely to be the father than himself 517
cccc. Objection that the mother is
married 518
ee. Time limits 518
ff. Competent court 519
gg. Results of action for paternity 520
aaa. In terms of father 520
bbb. In terms of mother 520
aaaa. Birth expenses 520
29bbbb.Living expenses 521
cccc. Other expenses required by
pregnancy and birth 521
ccc. In terms of child 521
B. ESTABLISHING PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP THROUGH ADOPTION 522
1. In General 522
2. Conditions of Adoption 524
a. Conditions Regarding the Adoption of Minors 525
aa. General conditions 525
aaa. Minor must be cared for and educated 525
bbb. Adoption must be in the interest of the
minor 526
ccc. Interests of other children must not be
harmed 527
bb. Special conditions 528
aaa. Joint adoption 528
aaaa. The necessity for spouses to adopt jointly 528
bbbb.Exceptions to the requirement for
joint adoption of spouses 529
bbb. Single adoption by an unmarried person 530
ccc. Age difference between adoptive and
adopted child 530
ddd. Minor’s consent 531
eee. Consent of the minor’s parents 532
aaaa. In general 532
bbbb.Form of consent 533
cccc. Time of consent 533
dddd.Situations where parental consent
is not required 534
fff. Permission of guardianship offices 536
b. Adoption of Adults and Restricted Persons 537
aa. In general 537
bb. Conditions for the adoption of adults and
restricted persons 538
aaa. There must be explicit consent of the descendants of the adoptive 538
30bbb. Conditions for adoptive and adopted
child 539
aaaa. Adopted person must be in
constant need of help due to his
physical or mental disability
(TCC Art. 313/I-sp.1) 539
bbbb.Adopted person must have been
cared for, supervised and educated
by adoptive for at least five years
(TCC Art. 313/I-sp.2) 540
cccc. Adoptive and adopted person must
have been living together as a
family for at least five years and existence of other just causes
(TCC Art. 313/I-sp.3) 540
ccc. Spouse’s consent 541
3. Form and Procedure of Adoption 541
a. Court Decision 541
b. Changes After Application 542
c. Investigation and Hearing 543
4. Consequences of Adoption 544
a. Consequences Regarding Personal Situation 544
aa. Surname and name of adopted person 544
aaa. Surname 544
bbb. First name 545
bb. Citizenship 546
cc. Parent-child relationship 546
dd. Marriage impediment 547
ee. Entry in the civil registry and confidentiality
of entries 547
b. Consequences Regarding the Rights and
Obligations of Parents 548
aa. Duty of care 548
bb. Right of custody 549
cc. The adopted child’s personal relationship
with his original parents 549
dd. Alimony obligation 550
c. Consequences Regarding Inheritance 550
5. Abolition of Adoption Relationship 551
31a. In General 551
b. Reasons 552
aa. Lack of consent 552
bb. Other defects 553
c. Action for Abolition of Adoption Relationship 554
d. Time Limit 555
e. Consequences of Abolition of Adoption
Relationship 556
f. Mediation in Adoption Transactions 557
III. PROVISIONS OF PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP 557
A. IN GENERAL 557
B. PROVISIONS OF PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP
NOT RELATED TO RIGHT OF CUSTODY 558
1. Surname 558
2. Mutual Obligations 561
a. Obligation to Assist 562
b. Showing Respect and Understanding 562
c. Protecting the Honour of the Family 563
3. Establishing a Personal Relationship with the Child 563
a. Relationship with Mother and Father 564
aa. Rule 564
bb. Limits 565
b. Relationship with Third Parties 566
c. Competent Court 568
4. Covering Children’s Care and Education Expenses 569
a. Scope 569
b. Duration 570
c. Right of Action 571
d. Discretion of Alimony Amount and Payment
Method 572
aa. Discretion of Alimony Amount 572
bb. Payment method of alimony 573
cc. Change of situation 574
e. Interim Measures 574
f. Providing Security 575
C. PROVISIONS OF PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP RELATED TO RIGHT OF CUSTODY 576
1. Definition and Nature of the Right of Custody 576
322. Those Who Have the Right of Custody 576
a. Mother and Father Being Married 577
b. Mother and Father Being Not Married 577
c. Mother and Father Living Separately 578
d. Mother and Father Being Divorced 579
e. Adoptives 580
3. Those Subject to Guardianship 580
4. Scope of Custody 581
a. Regarding Person of the Child 581
aa. Domination over the child 581
bb. Right to name the child 581
cc. Determining the child’s place of residence 582
dd. Child’s education 582
ee. Child’s obligation to listen to his parents 584
ff. Representation of child 584
gg. Child’s capacity to act 586
hh. Child representing the family 586
ii. Legal transactions between the child and the parents 587
b. Regarding Property of the Child 587
aa. Management of child’s property 588
aaa. Right and obligation of management 588
bbb. Termination of management right and its consequences 589
bb. Use of child’s property 590
cc. Consumption of child’s property 590
dd. Child’s free property 591
aaa. Dispositions 592
bbb. Compulsory portion 593
ccc. Property given for profession and art 593
ddd. Personal gain 594
ee. Protection of child from parents 594
aaa. Measures to protect the child’s
personality 594
aaaa. Protection measures 595
bbbb.Placement of children 597
cccc. Abolition of custody 599
bbb. Measures for the protection of the
child’s property 601
33SEVENTH CHAPTER
FAMILY COMMUNITY
I. ALIMONY OBLIGATION 603
A. SUPPORT ALIMONY 603
B. OBLIGORS OF ALIMONY 604
1. Ascendants and Descendants 605
2. Siblings 606
C. THOSE WHO MAY REQUEST ALIMONY 606
D. SEQUENCE IN ALIMONY OBLIGATION 607
E. SEQUENCE IN ALIMONY REQUEST 608
F. CONDITIONS OF ALIMONY REQUEST 608
1. Falling into Poverty 609
2. Financial Power of the Obligor 610
3. Prosperity of Siblings 610
G. SUBJECT, AMOUNT AND PAYMENT TIME OF THE ALIMONY DEBT 611
1. Subject 611
2. Amount 611
3. Payment Time 612
H. CHANGE OR STOPPAGE OF THE AMOUNT OF
ALIMONY 612
I. COMPETENT COURT 613
J. CHARACTERISTICS OF ALIMONY RECEIVABLE 613
II. HOUSEHOLD 614
A. IN GENERAL 614
B. HEAD OF THE FAMILY 615
1. In General 615
2. Rise of the Headship of the Family 616
a. Headship of the Family Arising from the Law 616
b. Headship of the Family Arising from the
Agreement 616
c. Headship of the Family Arising from Custom 617
3. Authorities and Obligations of the Head of the Family 617
a. Authorities 617
aa. Setting house rules 617
bb. Enforcing the house rules 618
34b. Obligations 618
aa. Obligation to care for property 618
bb. Obligation to take care and take
precautions 619
4. Liability of the Head of the Family 619
a. In General 619
b. Conditions of Liability 620
aa. An unlawful act 620
bb. Damage 620
cc. The damage must be caused by persons
specified in the Law and subject to the
authority of the head of the family 621
dd. Causal link 621
ee. Failure to produce proof of salvation 621
C. EQUALIZATION CLAIM OF DESCENDANTS 622
III. FAMILY PROPERTY 623
A. FAMILY FOUNDATION 623
1. Nature and Purpose 623
2. Prohibition of Family Fideicommissum 624
B. COMMUNITY OF FAMILY PROPERTY 625
1. Nature and Purpose 625
2. Establishment 626
3. Operation 627
4. Rights and Liabilities of Partners 627
5. Dissolution of Community 628
6. Rules of Division 628
C. HOMESTEAD 629
1. Nature and Purpose 629
2. Establishment 629
3. Provisions 630
4. Termination 631
35EIGHTH CHAPTER
GUARDIANSHIP
I. CONCEPT AND TYPES OF GUARDIANSHIP 633
A. CONCEPT OF GUARDIANSHIP 633
B. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GUARDIANSHIP AND CUSTODY 634
1. In Terms of Their Origin 634
2. In Terms of Those to Whom They Are Subject 634
3. In Terms of Authority 634
4. In Terms of Place of Residence 634
5. In Terms of Rights and Authorities on Properties 635
6. In Terms of Power of Representation 635
7. In Terms of Termination 635
C. TYPES OF GUARDIANSHIP 636
1. Public Guardianship 636
2. Private Guardianship 636
a. In General 636
b. Conditions of Establishment 637
aa. Kins’ Request 637
bb. Having an interest 638
cc. Security must be given 638
dd. Permission of supervisory authority 638
c. Establishment, Rights and Duties of the Family
Council 638
d. Termination 639
II. SITUATIONS THAT REQUIRE GUARDIANSHIP 639
A. MINORITY 639
B. BEING RESTRICTED 640
1. Mental Illness or Weakness of Mind 640
2. Extravagancy, Alcohol or Drug Abuse, Poor Lifestyle,
Poor Management 642
a. Extravagancy 642
b. Alcohol or Drug Addiction 643
c. Poor Lifestyle 643
d. Poor Management 644
3. Imprisonment 644
4. Restriction Upon Request 646
36C. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE REASONS FOR RESTRICTION 648
D. PROCEDURE AND AUTHORITY IN RESTRICTION DECISION 649
1. Trial Procedure 649
a. Hearing the Person to be Restricted 649
b. Applying to an Expert Witness 650
c. Announcement of Restriction Decision 650
2. Authority 651
E. CONSEQUENCES OF THE RESTRICTION DECISION 651
1. Limitation of Capacity 651
2. Appointing a Guardian 651
3. Place of Residence 652
III. APPOINTMENT OF THE GUARDIAN 652
A. GENERAL CONDITIONS RELATING TO THE PERSON
OF THE GUARDIAN 652
1. Positive Conditions 653
a. Being Capable 653
b. Being Adult 654
2. Negative Conditions 654
a. In General 654
b. Reasons That Prevent Guardianship 655
aa. Restricted persons (TCC Art. 418/sp.1) 655
bb. Being banned from public service
(TCC Art. 418/sp.2) 655
cc. Leading a dishonourable life
(TCC Art. 418/sp.2) 655
dd. Conflict of interest and hostility
(TCC Art. 418/sp.3) 655
ee. Judges of relevant guardianship chambers
(TCC Art. 418/sp.4) 656
B. SPECIAL SITUATIONS THAT THE COURT
CONSIDERS IN APPOINTMENT OF A GUARDIAN 656
1. Request of Concerned Persons 656
2. Right of Priority 657
C. OBLIGATION TO ACCEPT GUARDIANSHIP 657
D. RIGHT TO AVOID GUARDIANSHIP 658
E. PROCEDURE IN APPOINTMENT OF A GUARDIAN 659
371. Authority and Duty 659
2. Appointment of Guardian 659
3. Interim Measures 661
4. Right to Avoid Guardianship and Objection 662
5. Assignment of Duty 663
IV. CURATORSHIP 664
A. IN GENERAL 664
B. TYPES OF CURATORSHIP 665
1. Representative Curatorship 665
2. Management Curatorship 666
3. Curatorship upon Request 668
C. APPOINTMENT PROCEDURE AND AUTHORITY 669
D. CURATOR’S RIGHT TO REMUNERATION 669
E. TERMINATION OF CURATORSHIP 669
V. LEGAL CONSULTANCY 670
A. IN GENERAL 670
B. TYPES OF LEGAL CONSULTANCY 671
1. Voting Consultancy 671
2. Management Consultancy 672
3. Mixed (Full) Consultancy 673
C. APPOINTMENT PROCEDURE AND AUTHORITY 674
D. TERMINATION OF LEGAL CONSULTANCY 674
VI. RESTRICTION OF FREEDOM FOR PROTECTION PURPOSE 675
A. IN GENERAL 675
B. CONDITIONS OF RESTRICTION 676
1. Conditions Regarding the Relevant Person 676
2. Requirement for Special Protection 677
3. Posing a Danger to Society 677
4. Placement or Detention in a Suitable Institution 678
C. COMPETENCE 679
D. OBLIGATION OF NOTIFICATION 679
E. OBJECTION TO THE DECISION 679
F. PROCEDURE 680
G. TRIAL PROCEDURE 681
38VII. EXECUTION OF GUARDIANSHIP 682
A. RIGHTS OF THE GUARDIAN 682
1. Right to Avoid Guardianship 682
2. Guardian’s Right to Remuneration 682
B. DUTIES OF THE GUARDIAN 683
1. Duties of the Guardian upon Commencement of Work 683
a. Bookkeeping 683
b. Storing Valuables 684
c. Sale of Movables 685
d. Deposit of Money 686
e. Conversion of Investments 686
f. Commercial and Industrial Enterprises 686
g. Selling Immovables 687
2. Duties of the Guardian During the Continuation of Guardianship 688
a. Nursing and Taking Care of the Person Under Guardianship 688
aa. Personal care for minors 688
bb. Personal care for restricted persons 689
b. Managing and Accounting for the Assets of the
Person Under Guardianship 690
c. Representing the Person Under Guardianship 691
aa. In general 691
bb. Works that a person under guardianship may perform 692
cc. Consequences of the guardian not giving permission 692
dd. Carrying out a profession or art by the person under guardianship 693
VIII. DUTIES AND AUTHORITIES OF GUARDIAN OFFICES 693
A. EXAMINING COMPLAINTS AND OBJECTIONS 694
1. Examining Complaints 694
2. Reviewing Objections 694
B. GIVING PERMISSION TO THE GUARDIAN FOR THE TRANSACTIONS HE WILL CARRY OUT 695
1. Transactions Requiring the Permission of the
Guardianship Authority 695
392. Transactions Requiring the Permission of the
Supervisory Authority as well as the Guardianship
Authority 696
3. Lack of Permission 697
C. REVIEWING REPORTS AND ACCOUNTS 697
IX. LIABILITY OF THE GUARDIAN AND GUARDIANSHIP BODIES 698
A. DUTY OF CARE 698
B. NATURE OF LIABILITY 699
C. CONDITIONS OF LIABILITY 699
1. Unlawful Act 700
2. Fault or Breach of Duty of Care 700
3. Damage 701
4. Appropriate Causal Link 701
D. ORDER OF LIABILITY 701
E. RIGHT OF RECOURSE 702
F. ACTIONS FOR DAMAGES AND RECOURSE 702
1. Action for Damages 702
a. Parties 702
aa. Plaintiff 702
bb. Defendant 704
b. Competent Court 704
c. Prescription of Action 704
aa. Ordinary prescription period 704
bb. Extraordinary prescription period 705
2. Action for Recourse 705
a. Parties 705
aa. Plaintiff 705
bb. Defendant 705
b. Competent Court 706
c. Prescription of Action 706
G. PRIVILEGEDNESS OF THE RECEIVABLE OF THE PERSON UNDER GUARDIANSHIP 706
X. TERMINATION OF GUARDIANSHIP 707
A. REASONS THAT TERMINATE GUARDIANSHIP 707
1. Automatic Termination 707
2. Termination by Court Decision 708
40B. REASONS THAT TERMINATE THE GUARDIANSHIP TITLE 709
1. Death of the Guardian 710
2. Loss of the Guardian’s Capacity to Act 710
3. Expiry of the Guardianship Period 710
4. Resignation of the Guardian 711
5. Dismissal of the Guardian 711
a. Reasons for Dismissal 711
aa. Neglection of the duty 711
bb. Abuse of powers 712
cc. Behaving in a way that betrays trust 712
dd. Insolvency 712
ee. Inability to perform the duty 712
b. Procedure for Dismissal of Guardian 713
c. Measures to be Taken by the Guardianship
Authority 713
d. Objection to Dismissal Decision 714
XI. CONSEQUENCES OF TERMINATION OF GUARDIAN 714
A. GIVING THE REPORT AND FINAL ACCOUNT 714
B. DELIVERY OF ASSETS 715
C. REVIEW OF THE REPORT AND FINAL ACCOUNT 715
D. TERMINATION OF THE GUARDIAN’S DUTY 715
BIBLIOGRAPHY 717