Introductıon To Turkısh Law (9786255827821)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE .......................................................................................................... V
ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................XXI
BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................... XXIII
CHAPTER ONE
RULES GOVERNING LIFE IN SOCIETY
I. IN GENERAL 1
II. RELIGIOUS RULES 2
A. In General 2
B. Differences Between Religious Rules and Legal Rules 3
III. MORAL RULES 4
A. In General 4
B. Differences Between Moral Rules and Legal Rules 5
IV. RULES OF ETIQUETTE 7
A. In General 7
B. Differences Between Rules of Etiquette and Legal Rules 8
V. LEGAL RULES 9
A. In General 9
B. The Definition of Law 9
C. The Various Meanings of Law 10
1. Positive Law (Pozitif / Müspet Hukuk) 10
2. Natural Law (Doğal / Tabiî Hukuk) 10
3. Enacted Law (Mevzû Hukuk) 11
4. Objective Law – Subjective Law 11
5. Substantive Law – Procedural Law 12
D. The Purposes of Law 12
1. In General 12
2. Securing Peace and Order 12
3. Securing Legal Certainty 13
4. Securing Justice 13
5. Meeting the Needs of Society 15
E. Sanctions in the Field of Law 16
vii1. The Concept of Sanction 16
2. The Historical Development of Sanctions 16
3. Types of Sanction 18
a. Punishment 18
b. Enforced Performance 19
c. Compensation for Loss (Damages) 19
d. Invalidity (Nullity) - Non-Existence 20
aa. In General 20
bb. Suspended Invalidity 20
cc. Absolute Invalidity (Nullity) 21
dd. Rescission 22
e. Annulment of the Act Performed 22
CHAPTER TEST ............................................................................................. 23
CHAPTER TWO
THE SOURCES OF LAW
I. IN GENERAL 29
II. THE WRITTEN SOURCES OF LAW 29
A. The Constitution 29
B. Statutes 31
1. In General 31
2. The Characteristics of Statutes 32
a. The Generality of Statutes 32
b. The Continuity of Statutes 33
3. The Preparation, Adoption and Publication of Statutes 33
C. Decrees Having the Force of Law (Repealed) 36
D. Presidential Decrees 38
E. International Treaties 39
F. Regulations (Repealed) 41
G. By-Laws 42
III. THE UNWRITTEN SOURCES OF LAW -CUSTOMARY LAW 43
A. In General 43
B. The Elements of Customary Law 43
1. Continuity 43
2. General Conviction 44
viii3. Support of the State 44
C. The Role of Customary Law 45
1. The Gap-Filling Role of Custom and Usage 45
2. The Indicative Role of Custom and Usage 46
3. The Interpretative Role of Custom and Usage 46
D. The Problem of Contrariety to Statute in the
Rules of Customary Law 46
IV. THE AUXILIARY SOURCES OF LAW 47
A. Judicial Precedent (Case Law) 47
B. Doctrine (Scholarly Opinion) 49
V. REVIEW OF THE CONFORMITY OF STATUTES
WITH THE CONSTITUTION 50
A. In General 50
B. Review in Point of Substance 51
1. In Point of the Element of Cause 51
2. In Point of the Element of Purpose 52
3. In Point of the Element of Subject Matter 52
C. Review in Point of Form 53
D. The Action for Annulment (Abstract Norm Review) 53
E. The Objection Procedure (Concrete Norm Review) 54
F. The Right of Individual Application 55
G. The Entry into Force of Decisions Given by the
Constitutional Court 56
CHAPTER TEST ............................................................................................. 61
CHAPTER THREE
THE DIVISIONS OF LAW
I. IN GENERAL 67
II. THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN PRIVATE
LAW AND PUBLIC LAW 67
A. The Branches of Private Law 68
1. Civil Law 68
a. The Law of Persons 68
aa. The Beginning of Personality and Capacity 68
bb. Kinship 69
ixcc. Domicile 70
dd. The Protection of Personality 70
ee. Legal Persons 71
aaa. Legal Persons of Public Law 71
bbb. Legal Persons of Private Law 71
b. Family Law 72
aa. Engagement and Marriage 72
bb. Impediments to Marriage 73
cc. Divorce 74
dd. The Matrimonial Property Regimes Between
the Spouses 75
aaa. The Statutory Matrimonial Property
Regime – Participation in Acquired Property 76
bbb. The Optional Matrimonial Property Regimes 77
c. The Law of Succession 77
aa. Statutory Heirs 78
bb. Dispositions upon Death 79
cc. The Opening and Division of the Succession 79
d. Property Law 80
aa. Possession and the Land Register 80
bb. Rights in Rem 81
cc. Ownership 82
dd. Limited Rights in Rem 83
e. The Law of Obligations 84
aa. Contract 85
bb. Tort 86
cc. Unjust Enrichment 87
2. Commercial Law 87
a. The Commercial Enterprise 88
b. Commercial Companies 89
aa. General Partnerships 90
bb. Limited Partnerships 90
cc. Joint-Stock Companies 91
dd. Partnerships Limited by Shares 91
xee. Limited Liability Companies 92
ff. Cooperatives 92
c. Negotiable Instruments 93
d. Maritime Trade 95
e. Insurance Law 96
3. Private International Law 97
a. Nationality (Citizenship) 97
b. The Law of Aliens 98
c. Conflict of Laws 98
B. The Branches of Public Law 99
1. Constitutional Law 99
a. The Historical Development of Turkish
Constitutional Law 99
b. The Fundamental Principles of the Constitution 101
aa. The Principle of a State Respectful of Human Rights 101
bb. Loyalty to the Nationalism of Atatürk 102
cc. The Principle of a Democratic State 102
dd. The Principle of the Secular State 103
ee. The Principle of the Social State 104
ff. The Principle of the State Governed by the
Rule of Law 105
c. The Organs of the State 106
aa. The Legislature 106
aaa. In General 106
bbb. Changes Effected Over Time in the Total Number of Members and in the Term of Office of the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye 107
ccc. The Electoral System 109
ddd. The Commencement of Membership of Parliament 110
eee. The Composition of the Bureau of the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye 110
fff. The Loss of Membership of Parliament 111
bb. The Executive 113
aaa. In General 113
bbb. Instruments of Judicial Control 115
xicc. The Judiciary 118
2. Administrative Law 118
a. In General 118
b. The Fundamental Principles Relating to the
Organisation of the Administration 119
aa. Centralisation 121
bb. Decentralisation 121
aaa. Local Bodies 121
bbb. Functional Bodies 123
c. The Legal Regime of Administrative Acts 123
d. The Liability of the Administration 124
3. Criminal Law 124
4. Procedural Law 125
5. Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law 126
6. International Law (Law of Nations) 126
7. General Public Law 127
8. Fiscal Law 127
III. MIXED BRANCHES OF LAW 128
A. Labour Law 128
B. Air Law 128
C. Banking Law 128
D. Environmental Law 129
CHAPTER TEST ........................................................................................... 131
CHAPTER FOUR
THE APPLICATION OF STATUTES, THE CREATION OF LAW BY THE JUDGE AND JUDICIAL DISCRETION
I. THE APPLICATION OF STATUTES 143
A. In General 143
B. The Application of Statutes in Point of Place 143
C. The Application of Statutes in Point of Time 144
1. The Entry into Force of Statutes 144
2. Statutes Ceasing to Be in Force 145
a. The Express Repeal of Statutes 145
b. The Implied Repeal of Statutes 145
xiiD. The Application of Statutes in Point of Meaning 146
1. The Interpretation of Statutes 146
a. Legislative Interpretation 146
b. Judicial Interpretation 147
c. Scholarly Interpretation 147
2. Methods of Interpretation 147
a. The Literal Method of Interpretation 147
b. The Historical Method of Interpretation 148
c. The Teleological Method of Interpretation 148
d. The Combined Method of Interpretation 149
e. Systematic Interpretation 150
f. Economic Interpretation 150
3. The Rules of Logic Used in the Interpretation of Statutes 150
a. Analogy (argumentum a pari, kıyas) 150
b. A Fortiori Reasoning
(argumentum a fortiori, evleviyet yolu) 151
c. Argumentum a Contrario (aksi ile kanıt) 152
E. The Application of Statutes According to Their Character 152
1. Mandatory Rules of Law 152
a. Public Policy 153
b. Public Morals and Decency 153
c. The Idea of Protecting the Weak 154
2. Default Rules of Law 155
a. Definitional Rules of Law 155
b. Gap-Filling Rules of Law 155
c. Interpretative Rules of Law 156
II. THE CREATION OF LAW BY THE JUDGE AND
JUDICIAL DISCRETION 156
A. In General 156
B. The Creation of Law by the Judge 157
C. Judicial Discretion 159
CHAPTER TEST ........................................................................................... 161
xiiiCHAPTER FIVE
THE CONCEPT AND TYPES OF RIGHT, THE CONCEPTS OF PERSON AND PERSONALITY
I. THE CONCEPT OF RIGHT 167
A. The Will Theory 167
B. The Interest Theory 168
C. The Combined Theory 168
II. THE TYPES OF RIGHT 169
A. Public Rights 169
1. Personal Public Rights 169
2. Social and Economic Rights 169
3. Political Rights 170
B. Private Rights 170
1. Private Rights According to Their Character 170
a. Absolute Rights 170
aa. Absolute Rights over Property 171
bb. Absolute Rights over Persons 171
b. Relative Rights (Personal Rights, Rights in Personam) 172
aa. Relative Rights Arising from a
Relationship of Obligation 173
aaa. Rights and Obligations Arising from a
Legal Transaction 173
bbb. Rights and Obligations Arising from Tort 173
ccc. Rights and Obligations Arising from Unjust
Enrichment 173
bb. Relative Rights Arising from Family Relationships 174
cc. Relative Rights Arising from Relationships of
Succession 174
dd. Relative Rights Arising from the Law of Property 174
2. Private Rights According to Their Subject Matter 175
a. Patrimonial Rights (Malvarlığı, Mamelek) 175
b. Personality Rights 176
3. Private Rights According to Whether or Not They May Be Transferred 176
a. Transferable Rights 176
xivb. Non-Transferable Rights 176
4. Private Rights According to Their Purpose 177
a. Formative Rights 177
aa. Constitutive Formative Rights 177
bb. Modifying Formative Rights 178
cc. Extinctive Formative Rights 178
b. Ordinary Rights 178
5. Private Rights According to Whether or Not They Are
Independent 179
a. Independent Rights 179
b. Dependent Rights 179
aa. Rights Attached to a Property 179
bb. Rights Attached to a Claim 180
cc. Rights Attached to a Contract 180
C. A Comparison of Private Rights and Public Rights 180
III. THE CONCEPT OF PERSON IN GENERAL 180
IV. THE TYPES OF PERSON 181
A. Natural Persons 181
1. The Beginning of Personality 181
2. The Termination of Personality 181
3. The Capacities of Persons 182
a. Legal Capacity
(The Capacity to Enjoy Civil Rights) 182
b. The Capacity to Act
(The Capacity to Exercise Civil Rights) 183
aa. In General 183
bb. The Conditions of the Capacity to Act 183
aaa. Having Capacity of Judgement 183
bbb. Being Major 184
ccc. Not Being a Restricted Person 184
c. The Classification of Persons According to
Their Capacities 185
aa. Persons with Full Capacity to Act 185
bb. Persons with Limited Capacity to Act 185
cc. Persons Wholly Lacking Capacity to Act 186
xvdd. Persons with Limited Incapacity to Act 186
B. Legal Persons 187
1. The Beginning of Legal Personality 187
a. The System of Free Formation 187
b. The System of Registration 188
c. The System of Authorisation 188
2. The Termination of Legal Personality 189
3. The Types of Legal Person 189
a. Legal Persons of Private Law 189
aa. Legal Persons Pursuing the Object of Sharing Profit 190
bb. Legal Persons Not Pursuing the Object of
Sharing Profit 190
b. Legal Persons of Public Law 190
aa. Public Administrations 190
bb. Public Institutions 191
CHAPTER TEST ........................................................................................... 193
CHAPTER SIX
THE ACQUISITION, LOSS AND PROTECTION OF RIGHTS
I. THE ACQUISITION OF A RIGHT 199
A. The Original Acquisition of a Right 199
B. The Acquisition of a Right by Way of Transfer 199
C. The Acquisition of a Right by Way of Creation (Tesis) 200
II. THE LOSS OF A RIGHT 200
A. Legal Events Terminating a Right 200
1. Death 200
2. The Destruction of the Property 201
3. Force Majeure and Fortuitous Events 201
4. The Passage of a Definite Period of Time 201
B. Legal Acts Terminating a Right 202
C. Legal Transactions Terminating a Right 202
III. GOOD FAITH IN THE ACQUISITION AND IN THE EXERCISE OF RIGHTS 202
A. Good Faith 203
1. In General 203
xvi2. The Elements of Good Faith 203
a. Ignorance or Mistaken Belief 203
b. The Excusability of the Ignorance 204
3. Proof of Good Faith 205
4. The Consequences of Good Faith 205
B. The Rule of Honesty 206
1. In General 206
2. The Field of Application of the Principle 206
3. The Abuse of a Right 207
IV. THE PROTECTION OF RIGHTS 208
A. In General 208
B. The Protection of a Right by the Holder of the Right 208
1. Justified Defence (Meşrû Müdafaa) 208
2. The State of Necessity (Zarûret Hali) 209
3. The Use of Force to Protect One’s Own Right 210
C. The Protection of a Right by the State 210
1. The Right to Demand 210
2. The Right of Action 211
a. The Types of Action 211
b. The Rules of Competence and Jurisdiction in an Action 212
c. The Means of Defence against an Action 213
d. Proof in an Action 214
CHAPTER TEST ........................................................................................... 217
CHAPTER SEVEN
LEGAL TRANSACTIONS
I. IN GENERAL 221
II. THE CONCEPT OF THE LEGAL TRANSACTION AND THE ELEMENTS OF THE LEGAL TRANSACTION 221
A. The Concept of the Legal Transaction 221
B. The Elements of the Legal Transaction 222
1. The Constitutive Elements 222
2. The Elements of Validity 222
3. The Elements of Effectiveness 223
xviiIII. THE DEFECTIVENESS OF THE LEGAL TRANSACTION AND
ITS TYPES 223
A. Discrepancies Deliberately Brought About between
Intent and Declaration 223
1. Simulation 223
2. Mental (Secret) Reservation 225
3. Declaration in Jest 225
B. Discrepancies Arising Involuntarily between
Intent and Declaration 225
1. Error (Yanılma) 226
2. Fraud (Aldatma) 226
3. Duress (Korkutma) 226
IV. THE TYPES OF LEGAL TRANSACTION 227
A. In General 227
B. Unilateral and Multilateral Legal Transactions 227
1. Unilateral Legal Transactions 227
2. Multilateral Legal Transactions 227
C. Transactions Inter Vivos and upon Death 228
1. Transactions Inter Vivos 228
2. Transactions upon Death 228
D. Onerous and Gratuitous Transactions 228
1. Onerous Transactions 228
2. Gratuitous Transactions 228
E. Transactions Dependent and Not Dependent upon a Cause 229
1. Transactions Dependent upon a Cause 229
2. Transactions Not Dependent upon a Cause 229
F. Obligating and Dispositive Transactions 230
1. Obligating Transactions (Promissory Transactions) 230
2. Dispositive Transactions 230
G. Transactions of Private Law and of Public Law and the Types of Transaction of Public Law 230
1. Legislative Transactions 230
2. Administrative Transactions 231
3. Judicial Transactions 231
CHAPTER TEST ........................................................................................... 233
xviiiCHAPTER EIGHT
LIABILITY
I. IN GENERAL 237
II. LIABILITY IN CIVIL LAW 237
A. Liability Arising from the Statute 237
B. Liability Arising from a Legal Transaction 238
C. Liability in Tort 238
1. Fault-Based Liability 238
a. Conduct 238
b. Damage 239
c. Adequate Causal Connection 239
d. Fault 239
e. Unlawfulness 240
2. Strict Liability 240
a. Liability for Risk 241
b. Ordinary Strict Liability 241
c. Liability Based on Equity 242
D. Liability for Culpa in Contrahendo 242
E. Liability Based on Reliance 244
III. LIABILITY IN CRIMINAL LAW 245
A. Material Causal Connection 245
B. Freedom of Will and Capacity of Judgement 245
C. Fault 245
IV. LIABILITY IN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW 246
A. In General 246
B. Service Fault 246
C. Strict Liability 247
V. POLITICAL RESPONSIBILITY 248
CHAPTER TEST ........................................................................................... 251
ANSWER KEY TO THE CHAPTER TESTS ............................................. 253