Introduction to Law (9786256147232)

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LIST OF TABLES 15
PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITION 16
PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION 17
PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION 19
PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION 20
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION 21
FOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITION 22
ABOUT THE AUTHOR 23
ABOUT THE BOOK 25 A NOTE FOR THE FACULTY OF LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCES STUDENTS 27
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK 29
CHAPTER 1: SOCIAL ORDER RULES INTRODUCTION 35
1. SOCIAL ORDER RULES 36
1.1. Religious Rules 38
1.2. Customary Rules 40
1.3. Moral Rules 42
1.4. Legal Rules 42
1.5. Comparison of Social Order Rules 43
1.6. The Relationship among Social Order Rules 45
1.6.1. The Relationship between Law and Religious Rules 46
1.6.2. The Relationship between Law and Moral Rules 47
1.6.3. The Relationship between Law and Customary Rules 50
2. DEFINITION OF LAW 50
2.1. Main Objectives of Law 52
2.2. Main Types of Legal Sanctions 53
2.3. Characteristics of Legal Rules 53
3. SOURCES OF LAW 54
3.1. Constitution 56
3.2. Codes (Acts, Laws, Bills and Statutes) 56
3.3. International Treaties 56
3.4. Presidential Decrees 57
3.5. By–Laws 58
3.6. Other Delegated Legislation (Subordinate Legislation) 59
3.7. Doctrine 59
3.8. Court Decisions 60
3.9. Hierarchy of Law 60 SELF–TEST QUESTIONS 62
FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS 64 TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 64 IN–TEXT QUESTIONS 65
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 65
CHAPTER 2: SYSTEMS OF LAW INTRODUCTION 71
1. LEGAL SYSTEMS 73
1.1. Common Law System 75
1.2. Civil Law System 77
1.2.1. Comparison between Common Law and Civil Law 81
1.3. Religious Law System 82
2. SEVERAL CONCEPTS 83
2.1. Law & Justice 84
2.2. Legal Positivism & Natural Law 84
2.3. Domestic Law & International Law 85
2.3.1. Dualism 86
2.3.2. Monism 87
2.4. Substantive Law & Procedural Law 88 SELF–TEST QUESTIONS 89
FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS 91 TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 91 IN–TEXT QUESTIONS 92
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 92
CHAPTER 3: APPLICATION OF LEGAL RULES INTRODUCTION 97
1. APPLICATION OF LEGAL RULES 98
1.1. Ascertaining the Applicable Rules 98
1.2. Determining Facts 99
1.3. Applying the Relevant Provisions of Rule 100
1.3.1. Syllogism 100
1.3.2. Argumentum a Contrario 101
1.3.3. Analogy (Argumentum a pari) 101
2. BURDEN OF PROOF AND PRESUMPTIONS 102
2.1. Burden of Proof 102
2.1.1. Burden of Proof in Criminal Cases 103
2.1.2. Burden of Proof in Civil Cases 103
2.2. Presumptions 104
2.2.1. Statutory Presumption 105
2.2.2. Rebuttable Presumption 105
2.2.3. Irrebuttable Presumption 107
3. INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL RULES 107
3.1. Textual Interpretation 108
3.2. Historical Interpretation 109
3.3. Logical Interpretation 110
3.4. Teleological Interpretation 110
3.5. Unrestricted Interpretation 111 SELF–TEST QUESTIONS 112
FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS 114 TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 114 IN–TEXT QUESTIONS 115
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 115
CHAPTER 4: BRANCHES OF LAW INTRODUCTION 119
1. CORPUS IURIS CIVILIS 120
2. CRITERIA FOR THE DIVISION OF PUBLIC–PRIVATE LAW 124
2.1. Benefit Criterion 124
2.2. Free Will Criterion 125
2.3. Sovereignty Criterion 125
2.4. Equality Criterion 126 SELF–TEST QUESTIONS 128
FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS 130 TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 130 IN–TEXT QUESTIONS 131
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 131
CHAPTER 5: CONSTITUTIONAL LAW INTRODUCTION 135
1. DEFINITION OF CONSTITUTION 135
1.1. Contents of the Constitution 137
1.1.1. Preliminary Chapter (or Preamble) 137
1.1.2. General Principles
Chapter 139
1.1.3. Institutions of the State
Chapter 139
1.1.4. Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
Chapter 142
1.1.5. Effectiveness and Amendment
Chapter 143
1.2. EssentialsRequisites of a Good Constitution 145
2. CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTITUTIONS 146
2.1. Unwritten and Written Constitutions 147
2.1.1. Merits and Demerits of Unwritten Constitutions 148
2.1.2. Merits and Demerits of Written Constitutions 150
2.2. Soft and Rigid Constitution 151
2.2.1. Merits and Demerits of Soft Constitutions 151
2.2.2. Merits and Demerits of Rigid Constitutions 152
2.3. Frame and Regular Constitution 153
3. CONSTITUTIONALISM IN THE WORLD AND TÜRKİYE 154
3.1. The History of Constitutionalism in the World 155
3.2. The Constitutional History of Türkiye 159 SELF–TEST QUESTIONS 165
FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS 167 TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 167 IN–TEXT QUESTIONS 168
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 168
CHAPTER 6: ADMINISTRATIVE LAW INTRODUCTION 173
1. THE CONCEPT OF ADMINISTRATION 174
1.1. Division of Public–Private Administration 175
1.1.1. The Way of Establishment 175
1.1.2. The Purpose of Establishment/Activity 175
1.1.3. The Determination of Activity Areas 175
1.1.4. The Exercise of Public Power 176
1.1.5. The Principle of Equality 176
1.1.6. The Principle of Legality 176
1.1.7. The Way of Termination 176
2. THE BIRTH OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW IN FRANCE AND TÜRKİYE 176
2.1. The Birth of Administrative Law in France 177
2.2. The Birth of Administrative Law in Türkiye 178
2.3. The Features of Administrative Law 179
3. CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES OF TURKISH ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE 180
3.1. Centralisation 180
3.2. Decentralisation 182
3.3. The Integrity of the Administration 183
3.3.1. Hierarchy 183
3.3.2. Administrative Tutelage 185
3.3.3. Devolution of Powers 186 SELF–TEST QUESTIONS 189
FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS 191 TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 191 IN–TEXT QUESTIONS 192
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 192
CHAPTER 7: TAX LAW INTRODUCTION 197
1. DEFINITION OF TAX 199
2. TURKISH TAXATION SYSTEM 201
2.1. Tax Procedure 201
2.2. Substantive Tax Law 203
2.2.1. Personal Income Tax 203
2.2.2. Corporate Income Tax 205
2.2.3. Taxes on Goods and Services 205
2.2.4. Taxes on Property 209
2.2.5. Other Taxes 210 SELF–TEST QUESTIONS 212
FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS 214 TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 214 IN–TEXT QUESTIONS 215
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 215
CHAPTER 8: INTERNATIONAL LAW INTRODUCTION 219
1. THE CONCEPT OF THE STATE 222
1.1. The State and Society 223
1.2. The State and Nation 225
1.3. The State and Government 226
2. THE ELEMENTS OF THE STATE 227
2.1. Territory 227
2.1.1. Background Note on Aegean Disputes Between Türkiye and Greece 229
2.2. Population 234
2.3. Sovereignty 235
2.3.1. Internal Sovereignty & External Sovereignty 238
2.3.2. Real Sovereignty & Nominal Sovereignty 238
2.3.3. Legal Sovereignty & Political Sovereignty & Popular Sovereignty 238
2.3.4. De Jure Sovereignty & De Facto Sovereignty 239
3. THE THEORIES OF THE STATE 240
3.1. Voluntaristic Theories 240
3.2. Theory of the Contract 241
3.3. Coercive Theory 242
3.4. Environmental Circumion 243
3.5. Political Evolution 244 SELF–TEST QUESTIONS 245
FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS 247 TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 247 IN–TEXT QUESTIONS 248
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 248
CHAPTER 9: CRIMINAL LAW INTRODUCTION 253
1. THE DEFINITION OF CRIMINAL LAW 255
2. MAJOR ASPECTS OF CRIMINAL LAW 255
2.1. Definition of Crimes 255
2.2. Types of Crimes 259
2.3. Sanctions 263
2.4. Principle of Non–Retroactivity 267
3. THE AIMS OF PUNISHMENT 267 SELF–TEST QUESTIONS 271
FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS 273 TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 273 IN–TEXT QUESTIONS 274
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 274
CHAPTER 10: CIVIL LAW INTRODUCTION 279
1. TURKISH CIVIL CODE 280
1.1. Preliminary Chapter (Articles 1–7) 280
1.2. Book One (Articles 8–117): Law of Persons 283
1.2.1. Classification of Persons 283
1.2.2. Beginning and End of Personality 284
1.2.3. Capacity 285
1.3. Book Two (Articles 118–494): Family Law 288
1.3.1. Filiation 288
1.3.2. Marriage 291
1.3.3. Divorce 292
1.4. Book Three (Articles 495–682): Law of Succession 295
1.4.1. Intestate Succession 296
1.4.2. Testate Succession 297
1.4.3. Agreement of Inheritance 298
1.4.4. Limit of Free Will 298
1.4.5. Reserved Portions 298
1.4.6. Disclaim of Inheritance 299
1.5. Book Four (Articles 683–1027): Law of Property 299
2. TURKISH LAW OF OBLIGATIONS 300
2.1. Contracts 300
2.2. Illegal Acts (Torts) 300
2.3. Unjust Enrichments 301 SELF–TEST QUESTIONS 302
FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS 304 TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 304 IN–TEXT QUESTIONS 305
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 305
CHAPTER 11: COMMERCIAL LAW INTRODUCTION 309
1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF COMMERCIAL LAW 309
2. TURKISH COMMERCIAL CODE 311
2.1. Preliminary Chapter (Articles 1–10) 312
2.2. Book One (Article 11–123): Commercial (Business) Enterprises 315
2.3. Book Two (Article 124–644): Business Associations (Corporate Law) 317
2.3.1. Collective Company 318
2.3.2. Commandite Company 319
2.3.3. Joint Stock Company 319
2.3.4. Limited Companies 320
2.3.5. Cooperatives 320
2.4. Book Three (Article 645–849): Commercial Papers 320
2.5. Book Four (Article 850–930): Transport Business 322
2.6. Book Five (Article 931–1400): Maritime Law 322
2.7. Book Six (Article 1401–1535): Insurance Law 323 SELF–TEST QUESTIONS 324
FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS 326 TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 326 IN–TEXT QUESTIONS 327
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 327
CHAPTER 12: PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW INTRODUCTION 331
1. CONFLICT OF LAWS 333
2. LAW OF NATIONALITY 335
3. LAW OF ALIENS (FOREIGNERS) 338 SELF–TEST QUESTIONS 345
FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS 347 TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 347 IN–TEXT QUESTIONS 348
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 348
CHAPTER 13: PROCEDURAL LAW INTRODUCTION 351
1. THE LAW OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 352
2. THE LAW OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 354
3. THE LAW OF ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE 362 SELF–TEST QUESTIONS 366
FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS 368 TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 368 IN–TEXT QUESTIONS 369
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 369
CHAPTER 14: BRANCHES OF LAW WHERE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LAW CHARACTERISTICS ARE MIXED INTRODUCTION 373
1. LABOUR LAW 373
1.1. Individual Labour Law 375
1.1.1. Contract of Employment 376
1.1.2. Types of Employment Contracts 377
1.1.3. Termination of Labour Contracts 377
1.1.4. Obligations and Duties of Employer 381
1.1.5. Obligations and Duties of Employee 383
1.2. Collective Labour Law 383
1.3. Labour Judiciary 385
2. ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 386
3. BANKING LAW 389 SELF–TEST QUESTIONS 394
FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS 396 TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 396 IN–TEXT QUESTIONS 397
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 397
ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF THE POLITICAL ENTITIES AND CORRESPONDING LEGAL SYSTEMS 399 GLOSSARY 407 INDEX 413